What is gingivitis?
Gingivitis is early-stage inflammation of the gums caused by bacterial plaque accumulation, characterized by redness, swelling, and bleeding that reverses with proper oral hygiene.
Gingivitis describes inflammation of the gingiva (gum tissue) triggered by plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that forms on teeth and at the gum line. The condition develops when plaque is not removed through regular brushing and flossing, allowing bacteria to irritate the surrounding gum tissue.
Common signs include red or puffy gums, bleeding when brushing or flossing, and persistent bad breath. Some people experience mild discomfort or a change in how their gums feel. Because gingivitis affects only the gums and not the bone or periodontal ligaments underneath, it remains reversible with consistent oral hygiene and professional cleaning.
Gingivitis differs from periodontitis (advanced gum disease) in that periodontitis involves damage to the bone and tissues supporting the tooth, whereas gingivitis is confined to the gum surface. Without intervention, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, which is not fully reversible and can lead to tooth loss.
Early detection matters because gingivitis responds well to treatment. A dentist can remove hardened plaque (tartar) that home care cannot address and provide guidance on brushing and flossing technique. General dentistry providers routinely screen for and manage gingivitis during routine checkups.
Risk factors include poor oral hygiene, smoking, hormonal changes, and certain medications. Maintaining daily hygiene and attending regular dental appointments are the most effective ways to prevent or reverse gingivitis before it advances.